Race as a concept has had a fraught and confusing history in the field of Classics, embedded into the field from its formation as an academic discipline at the same time as modern racial ideologies have been powered by narratives and notions from Graeco-Roman antiquity. This Companion offers a wide-ranging and groundbreaking overview of 'race' and 'racism' in ancient Mediterranean cultures and the formation of Classics as a discipline. Through twenty-four chapters written by a team of international scholars, it provides clarity on terminologies and concepts borrowed from theories of race and on their potential applications to the study of the ancient Mediterranean world, in and beyond Greek and Roman literatures and cultures. It also showcases various concrete examples of how Classics has been shaped by the intertwined histories of race and colonialism.